29.04.20 г
Тема:Технология возделывания зерновых бобовых культур.
Цель занятия: Ознакомить обучающихся с технологией выращивания зернобобовых культур.
Вопросы для самоконтроля:
1.Предшественники для зернобобовых культур.?
2.Основная обработка почвы?
3.Система земледелия для выращивания зернобобовых культур?
Ход урока.
При выборе предшественников под зерновые бобовые предпочтение отдают тем культурам, которые оставляют поле чистым от сорняков, с достаточным запасом питательных веществ и влаги (картофель, ячмень и др.)
Все зерновые бобовые культуры плохо переносят повторные посевы. Возвращать горох на прежнее место можно не ранее чем через 5-6 лет, сою через 2, кормовые бобы и люпин — через 3-4 года. При наличии в севообороте многолетних бобовых трав и зерновых бобовых культу пространственная изоляция между ними должна быть не менее 500 м.
Зерновые бобовые — хорошие предшественники для других культур, так как они меньше истощают почву азотом.
Основная обработка после колосовых культур включает лущение стерни и зяблевую вспашку. После вспашки по мере появления сорняков проводят 1-3 культивации с боронованием для рыхления почвы, уничтожения сорняков и выравнивания поверхности. На слабозасоренных почвах перед вспашкой поле обрабатывают на глубину 7-8 см
дисковым лущильником ЛДГ-10. На участках, засоренных корнеотпрысковыми сорняками (бодяк полевой, осот полевой, вьюнок полевой), через 2 недели проводят второе лущение лемешными орудиями на глубину 10- 12 см, чтобы срезать корневую шейку и вызвать прорастание спящих почек корня. После отрастания сорняков пашут плугами предплужниками.
В большинстве районов предпосевная обработка чаще всего состоит из ранневесеннего боронования зяби и одной-двух культивации.
Под зерновые бобовые раннего срока посева в Нечерноземной зоне применяют комбинированные почвообрабатывающие агрегаты РВК-3, которые за один проход рыхлят почву на глубину 8—12 см, выравнивают и прикатывают ее, создавая благоприятные условия для посева и получения дружных всходов.
Зернобобовые культуры особенно хорошо отзываются на фосфорно-калийные удобрения. Фосфорные удобрения повышают урожаи зернобобовых культур на почвах всех типов. Калийные удобрения дают положительный эффект на легких почвах Нечерноземной и лесостепной зон.
Дозы фосфорных и калийных удобрений рассчитывают на полное возмещение выноса фосфора с планируемым урожаем, корректируя коэффициенты возмещения в зависимости от содержания подвижных форм фосфора и калия в почве.
Кроме минеральных удобрений бобовым культурам требуются в небольших количествах микроудобрения. На зерновых бобовых применяют бактериальные удобрения, обладающие высокой азотфиксирующей активностью. Для инокуляции используют препарат ризоторфин. Нитрагинизация семян — обязательный прием, поскольку в почве может не оказаться специфических для данной культуры бактерий или они могут быть недостаточно вирулентными, малоактивными. Особенно отзывчивы на нитрагинизацию соя, горох, нут, люпин. На бедных азотом почвах инокуляция семян значительно повышает урожай и увеличивает содержание белка на 2-5 %.
Для получения дружных и выровненных всходов семена калибруют, выделяют и высевают раздельно семена крупной и средней фракций. Перед посевом их протравливают, подвергают воздушно-тепловому обогреву, обрабатывают микроудобрениями и нитрагином.
Большинство зерновых бобовых (горох, чина, чечевица, нут, люпин узколистный и кормовые бобы) высевают в возможно ранние сроки. Сою высевают при устойчивом прогревании посевного слоя до 12-14 С.
Культуры с полегающим стеблем (горох, чечевица, чина) высевают обычным рядовым способом. Культуры, формирующие более высокие урожаи при разреженном посеве (соя, люпин белый, кормовые бобы, нут), высевают широкорядным способом (через 45, 60 и 70 см). Однако скороспелые и низкорослые сорта этих культур на чистых от сорняков полях можно высевать обычным рядовым способом.
Норму высева устанавливают с таким расчетом, чтобы обеспечить оптимальную густоту продуктивного стеблестоя. Она зависит от зоны, цели возделывания культуры, способа посева, плодородия почвы, влагообеспеченности и других факторов.
Глубина посева зависит от влажности и гранулометрического состава почвы, крупности семян и других факторов. У культур, выносящих семядоли на поверхность почвы (соя, люпин), глубокий посев затрудняет появление всходов.
Уход за посевами зернобобовых культур начинается с прикатывания почвы, которое проводят кольчато-шпоровыми катками ЗККШ-6 для улучшения контакта семян с почвой и получения дружных и полных всходов. Система ухода за посевами включает мероприятия по борьбе с сорняками, вредителями и болезнями.
Зерновые бобовые культуры имеют ряд биологических особенностей, затрудняющих уборку. Для большинства зернобобовых культур (горох, чина, чечевица, кормовые бобы, люпин) применяют раздельную уборку, позволяющую сократить потери урожая.
При двухфазной уборке горох скашивают в валки при побурении 70-75 % бобов и влажности семян 35-40 %. Уборку следует завершать за 3-4 дня. Неосыпаюшиеся сорта гороха убирают при пожелтении 90-100 % бобов.
Подбирают и обмолачивают валки комбайнами при влажности семян 16-19 % обычно через 2-3 дня после скашивания.
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